Induction of the TEAD Co-activator VGLL1 by Estrogen Receptor-Targeted Therapy Drives Resistance in Breast Cancer

Resistance to endocrine therapies (ET) is common in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer, and most relapsed patients die with ET-resistant disease. While genetic mutations provide explanations for some relapses, mechanisms of resistance remain undefined in many cases. Drug-induced epigenetic reprogramming has been shown to provide possible routes to resistance. By analyzing histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) profiles and transcriptional reprogramming in models of ET resistance, we discovered that selective ER degraders (SERDs), such as fulvestrant, promote expression of VGLL1, a co-activator for TEAD transcription factors. VGLL1, acting via TEADs, promoted expression of genes that drive growth of fulvestrant-resistant breast cancer cells. Pharmacological disruption of VGLL1/TEAD4 interaction inhibited VGLL1/TEAD-induced transcriptional programs to prevent growth of resistant cells. EGFR was among the VGLL1/TEAD-regulated genes, and VGLL1-directed EGFR upregulation sensitized fulvestrant-resistant breast cancer cells to EGFR inhibitors. Taken together, these findings identify VGLL1 as a transcriptional driver in ET resistance and advance therapeutic possibilities for relapsed ER+ breast cancer patients.