Insights into the house dust-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their potential human health risk in Greater Cairo, Egypt

Data dealing with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in settled dust of Greater Cairo houses (GCH), Egypt, and their implication on human health risk are scarce. The goal of this study was to gain insights into the characterisations of PAHs in settled dust in GCH and their associated carcinogenic and mutagenic risks. ƩPAH concentrations were 3125 and 268 ng/g in settled dust in GCH and rural houses (RH), respectively. Heavier congeners (4–6 aromatic ring PAHs) represented 86.5% (GCH) and 92% (RH) of ƩPAHs. Houses on main streets are exposed to higher levels of PAHs than those on the side streets. The main sources of PAHs in GCH and RH were vehicular emissions (pyrogenic sources) and PAHs in GCH come from local emissions and in RH from the surrounding urban cities. Results showed that the carcinogenicity of PAHs associated with dust exceeds their mutagenicity. Based on Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) estimations, the order of cancer risk (CR) was as follows: urban houses (UH) > suburban houses (SUH) > RH. CR and ILCRs calculations suggest that children and adults exposed to settled dust-bound PAHs in GCH and RH have an increase in CR, as CR and ILCRs values exceeded accepted levels.