Silver and copper-oxide nanoparticles prepared with GA3 induced defense in rice plants and caused mortalities to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

Nanoparticles have been employed as nanopesticides for pest control in agriculture. However, the harmful effects of their chemical synthesis on human and environmental health have resulted in increased use of green synthetic approaches, including the use of plant extracts. The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH), is a severe pest of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), especially in Asia. It is usually controlled chemically but has developed resistance against many insecticides. In this study, we synthesized metallic silver (Ag-NPs) and copper-oxide (CuO-NPs) nanoparticles using the exogenous phytohormone, gibberellic acid (GA3), as a reducing agent. We then sprayed them separately on rice plants and BPH together and evaluated their effects on the plants and insects. SEM and TEM images showed that the synthesis was successful, indicated by the sizes (25–60 nm), uniform shape and spherical and cubical structures of Ag-NPs, as well as by the rugby sheet-like of CuO-NPs with lateral sizes of 150–340 nm and thickness of 30–70 nm. Independent applications of the nanoparticles and GA3 on rice plants induced different volatile profiles, of which the highest number emitted was under Ag-NPs, including the highest emission of linalool. Transcriptome analysis showed that Ag-NPs-treated rice plants showed different transcriptome profiles compared to the control, 24 h after treatment, including the upregulation of the linalool synthase gene, genes of plants transcription factors such as WRKY, bHLH and NAC and other genes involved in plant defense responses. In all treatments, the mortality rate of BPH increased with an increase in NPs concentrations over time but was prominent under Ag-NPs treatment. The LC50 values for Ag-NPs and CuO-NPs decreased with an increase in time. Also, the nanoparticles increased the activities of protective enzymes (POD, SOD and CAT), inhibited that of detoxification enzymes (A-CHE, ACP and AKP), and reduced total protein concentrations in the BPH. These results show that synthesizing nanoparticles using phytohormones may be a safer and environmentally friendly option, which also holds promise for controlling the BPH in rice production.