Stabilizing the buried interface via inorganic–organic hybrid layers for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics

Inverted PSCs offer durability & silicon tandem compatibility, but suffer from aggregation, poor wetting & fragility. We developed a hybrid contact using silica nanoparticles to achieve 27.35% efficiency and >1000 h stability at 65 °C, enabling scalable, robust commercialization.