International consensus on mitotane treatment in pediatric patients with adrenal cortical tumors: Indications, therapy, and management of adverse effects

Abstract Objective Mitotane is an important cornerstone in the treatment of pediatric adrenal cortical tumors (pACC), but experience with the drug in the pediatric age group is still limited and current practice is not guided by robust evidence. Therefore, we have compiled international consensus statements from pACC experts on mitotane indications, therapy, and management of adverse effects. Methods A Delphi method with three rounds of questionnaires within the pACC expert consortium of the international network groups ENSAT-PACT and ICPACT was used to create 21 final consensus statements. Results We divided the statements into 4 groups: environment, indications, therapy, and adverse effects. We reached a clear consensus for mitotane treatment for advanced pACC with stage III and IV and with incomplete resection/tumor spillage. For stage II patients mitotane is not generally indicated.The timing of initiating mitotane therapy depends on the clinical condition of the patient and the setting of the planned therapy. We recommend a starting dose of 50 mg/kg/d (1500 mg/m²/d) which can be increased up to 4000 mg/m2/d. Blood levels should range between 14-20 mg/L Duration of mitotane treatment depends on the clinical risk profile and tolerability. Mitotane treatment causes adrenal insufficiency in virtually all patients requiring glucocorticoid replacement shortly after beginning. As the spectrum of adverse effects of mitotane is wide-ranging and can be life-threatening, frequent clinical and neurological examinations (every 2 to 4 weeks), along with evaluation and assessment of laboratory values are required. Conclusion Delphi method enabled us to propose an expert consensus statement, which may guide clinicians, further adapted by local norms and the individual patient setting. In order to generate evidence, well-constructed studies should be the focus of future efforts.