Temperature-dependent sign reversal of tunneling magnetoresistance in van der Waals ferromagnetic heterojunctions

, constitutes the primary mechanism for temperature-dependent TMR sign reversal. Furthermore, under combined temperature and bias voltage modulation, we observed the coexistence of both positive and negative TMR. This finding suggests the potential extension of conventional bistate MTJ operation to multi-state functionality. This research broadens the controllable degrees of freedom in MTJs and advances van der Waals magnet-based spintronic devices.