Recent advances and challenges of electrochemical ammonia synthesis

Ammonia is essential for human activities because approximately 50% of global food production relies on ammonia-derived fertilizers. Great efforts have been devoted to develop a green and sustainable ammonia synthesis route powered by renewable energy under ambient conditions to replace the carbon-intensive and highly energy-consuming Haber-Bosch process. Here, we summarize recent advances and challenges in three electrochemical ammonia synthesis approaches: lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction, electroreduction of nitrate, and NOx reduction. This review offers insight into reaction mechanisms and strategies to improve the activity, selectivity, and durability of the electrochemical ammonia synthesis processes as well as perspectives regarding future industrial applications.