Multifamily Nanozymes for Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Marine Antifouling

, achieving an antibacterial rate exceeding 99.999%. In marine antifouling scenarios, ship hulls coated with MnSe NF-based paints significantly inhibited biofilm formation for over 90 days, offering advantages in environmental friendliness, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. This study provides a novel approach for controlling marine biofilms and highlights the potential of multifamily nanozymes as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for antifouling technologies.