Synergistic surfactant-controlled optimization and film passivation toward efficient and stable inverted Planar perovskite modules

The surfactant additive could alter the surface tension of perovskite ink and be self-assembled in perovskite films. The perovskite films with DDABr surfactant additive exhibited the improved film quality and better energy alignment with PTAA layer. As a result, large-area perovskite modules and high efficiency, as well as excellent stability are achieved. • High performance blade-coated perovskite solar cells with an impressive efficiency of 24.28 % and V oc of 1.16 V are achieved. • The modified perovskite film crystallization and relieved film stain were achieved with DDABr surfactant. • The perovskite modules reveal a higher efficiency of 19.8 % and successfully scale to the commercia perovskite module based on 21 × 10.5 cm 2 . The complex fluid dynamics and inferior crystallinity of perovskite films with the blade-coated methods have limited the development of large-area perovskite modules. Herein, we introduce a surfactant dodecylammonium bromide (DDABr) to modify the perovskite ink drying dynamics and increase the adhesion of perovskite precursor to the hydrophobic Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) layer. The surfactant DDABr could orchestrate controlled crystal growth and enhance the grain size to suppress the defects that appeared at the grain boundary. Apart from the high film quality, the perovskite films with DDABr additive exhibite better energy alignment with PTAA to achieve effective charge transport. More important, the hydrophobic group of the surfactant DDABr could be self-assembled on the film surface pointing to air to improve the film stability. As a result, the champion device with DDABr dopant exhibits a higher efficiency of 24.28 % with an ultra-high FF of 86 %. Furthermore, extending this strategy to the large-area perovskite modules yields a remarkable efficiency of 19.8 % with an aperture area of 13.18 cm 2 and achieves 21 × 10.5 cm 2 based perovskite modules with a PCE of 15.6 %. Our work provides an effective approach to producing efficient perovskite modules with commercial size, heralding a pathway toward excellent stability.