Bio-inspired microneedles with hierarchical microchannels for rapid interstitial fluid collection and analysis

experiments demonstrating their robust ISF extraction capability. Integrated with a microneedle-based ISF sensing system (MISS), the platform enables real-time electrochemical and colorimetric detection of biomarkers, underscoring its potential for health monitoring and point-of-care applications. Furthermore, the collected ISF supports detailed off-needle analyses, expanding its diagnostic utility. By combining minimal invasiveness, rapid ISF collection, and versatile sensing capabilities, the HMC-MN system marks a significant step forward in wearable diagnostics, offering promising applications in both clinical and personal health management.