A comprehensive review of recombinant technology in the food industry: Exploring expression systems, application, and future challenges

Biotechnology has significantly advanced the production of recombinant proteins (RPs). This review examines the latest advancements in protein production technologies, including CRISPR, genetic engineering, vector integration, and fermentation, and their implications for the food industry. This review delineates the merits and shortcomings of prevailing host systems for RP production, underscoring molecular and process strategies pivotal for amplifying yields and purity. It traverses the spectrum of RP applications, challenges, and burgeoning trends, highlighting the imperative of employing robust hosts and cutting-edge genetic engineering to secure high-quality, high-yield outputs while circumventing protein aggregation and ensuring correct folding for enhanced activity. Recombinant technology has paved the way for the food industry to produce alternative proteins like leghemoglobin and cytokines, along with enzyme preparations such as proteases and lipases, and to modify microbial pathways for synthesizing beneficial compounds, including pigments, terpenes, flavonoids, and functional sugars. However, scaling microbial production to industrial scales presents economic, efficiency, and environmental challenges that demand innovative solutions, including high-throughput screening and CRISPR/Cas9 systems, to bolster protein yield and quality. Although recombinant technology holds much promise, it must navigate high costs and scalability to satisfy the escalating global demand for RPs in therapeutics and food. The variability in ethical and regulatory hurdles across regions further complicates market acceptance, underscoring an urgent need for robust regulatory frameworks for genetically modified organisms. These frameworks are essential for safeguarding the production process, ensuring product safety, and upholding the efficacy of RPs in industrial applications.