Brain-specific targeted delivery of therapeutic agents using metal–organic framework-based nanomedicine

Brain-targeting drug delivery remains a massive challenge due to the complexity and delicacy of the human brain. However, it is of paramount importance because many neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain tumors, necessitate precise and targeted drug delivery to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes while minimizing side effects. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a remarkable fusion of inorganic and organic materials through diverse connection modes involving inorganic metal ions and organic bridging ligands, forming versatile pore structures. MOF-based nanomedicine has promising potential for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents thanks to their customizable nanostructures and functionalities. The regulated pores within MOFs offer an ideal platform for drug encapsulation. At the same time, the programmable framework environments present potential binding sites for targeted drug delivery to specific cells or lesion sites, particularly in delicate and sensitive organs such as the brain. This targeted approach is crucial to minimize adverse effects on healthy cells. Recent advances have witnessed the utilization of various MOFs combined with functional agents for drug loading, delivery, release, and process monitoring. In this study, we provide an overview of the roles played by MOFs in brain-targeted drug delivery and lay the foundation for the future development of advanced and precise administration strategies.