Detection of cadmium heavy metal ions using a nanostructured green sensor in food, biological and environmental samples

Heavy metals are one of the most important pollutants in the environment due to their toxic properties, accumulation, and indestructibility. So that when the metals enter the body of plants from natural and artificial sources, they accumulate in the organs and tissues. Therefore, in the present study, a sensitive and selective strategy is reported for the detection of cadmium(II) ions. To achieve this purpose, first sodium aluminate nanostructures were synthesized using a sol-gel method and green route. Then, using the nanostructures, a modified nanostructured sensor was designed. The characterization of the nanostructures was performed using various techniques. Next, the electrochemical behavior of the modified nanostructured electrode was investigated. The studies show the environment-friendly sensor has an enhanced voltammetric response than the unmodified sensor for cadmium(II) ions. After confirming the performance of the modified sensor, the analysis of cadmium(II) ions at the surface of the nanostructured modified electrode was investigated. Then, by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique, the detection limit of cadmium(II) ions in optimal conditions was obtained at 1.10 nM with a broad dynamic linear range of 0.02-20.00 μM and 20.00-900.00 μM. Finally, the performance of the modified nanostructure sensor was investigated in food, biological and environmental samples, and acceptable results were obtained using the proposed method.