Embedded sensors for in situ measuring and safety warning in lithium carbon fluorides batteries

Lithium/carbon fluoride (Li/CFx) batteries are highly favored for ultra-high specific energy systems due to their attractive features. However, the significant heat generation poses serious risks including thermal runaway, illustrating the critical need of real-time monitoring during battery operation. Currently, fewer studies have focused on the development of sensors for Li/CFx batteries, especially on the compatibility with embedded sensors. Here, two types of embedded sensors are employed to achieve detection and safety warning. The internal temperature of the Li/CFx battery rises by 8.42 °C at a current rate of 0.1C. Additionally, the embedded atmospheric pressure sensors provide a safety warning with a safety threshold of 0.43 kPa/cm2 before the first destructive venting. Consequently, this nondestructive detection and warning can significantly enhance the safety measures for Li/CFx batteries.