Application of Metal–Organic Framework-Based Composite Materials for Photodegradation of Dye Pollutants in Wastewater

Water pollution is one of the main challenges that severely affects human health and aquatic ecosystems. Chemical pollutants, including industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and clinical sources, can contaminate water. Photocatalytic processes present clean, renewable, and efficient techniques for degrading organic contaminants in wastewater. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the more efficient materials in wastewater remediation due to their significantly high surface area and tunable structures. This review summarizes the development of novel composite materials based on MOFs for the photocatalytic decomposition of dye contaminants in wastewater. Different synthesis methods of MOFs and composite materials are explored. Several strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of MOFs are discussed. Photocatalytic reaction conditions and suggested mechanisms are summarized, particularly for eliminating dye contaminants using MOF-based composite materials. The designed composite materials demonstrate improved stability and photocatalytic activity. This review provides strategies for designing MOF-based composite materials and improving their efficiency and stability for the photocatalytic elimination of dye pollutants in wastewater. Additionally, the review addresses challenges in advancing MOF-based composite materials.