Rare biosphere drives deterministic community assembly, co-occurrence network stability, and system performance in industrial wastewater treatment system

Bacterial community is strongly associated with activated sludge performance, but there still remains a knowledge gap regarding the rare bacterial community assembly and their influence on the system performance in industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWWTPs). Here, we investigated bacterial communities in 11 full-scale IWWTPs with similar process designs, aiming to uncover ecological processes and functional traits regulating abundant and rare communities. Our findings indicated that abundant bacterial community assembly was governed by stochastic processes; thereby, abundant taxa are generally present in wastewater treatment compartments across different industrial types. On the contrary, rare bacterial taxa were primarily driven by deterministic processes (homogeneous selection 61.9%-79.7%), thus they only exited in specific IWWTPs compartments and wastewater types. The co-occurrence networks analysis showed that the majority of keystone taxa were rare bacterial taxa, with rare taxa contributing more to network stability. Furthermore, rare bacteria rather than abundant bacteria in the oxic compartment contributed more to the degradation of xenobiotics compounds, and they were main potential drivers of pollutant removal. This study demonstrated the irreplaceable roles of rare bacterial taxa in maintaining system performance of IWWTPs, and called for environmental engineers and microbial ecologists to increase their attention on rare biosphere.