Recent progress in screen-printed electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of estrogens

Estrogens have become increasingly prevalent in environmental samples across the world, posing a serious threat to human health. They have received considerable public attention due to their harmful effect on the normal endocrine functions of humans and animals. Over the last twenty years, electrochemical sensor and biosensors for monitoring of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have seen considerable improvement in performance. This review summarizes developments in screen-printed electrochemical sensor and biosensors published over the period 2000 to 2020. Emphasis is given to reports focused on the application of nanomaterials as modifiers for screen printed electrodes for electrochemical (bio) sensor development and outlook for the future development of sensors for monitoring estrogens in the environment.