In vitro and in vivo study of antibacterial and anti‐encrustation coating on ureteric stents

Objectives To investigate the ability of propolis‐coated ureteric stents to solve complications, especially urinary tract infections (UTIs) and crusting, in patients with long‐term indwelling ureteric stents through antimicrobial and anti‐calculus activities. Materials and Methods Polyurethane (PU) ureteric stents were immersed in the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP), a well‐known antimicrobial honeybee product, and subjected to chemical, hydrophilic, and seismic tests. The antimicrobial activity of the EEP coating was then examined by in vitro investigation. Proteus mirabilis infection was induced in rats within uncoated and EEP‐coated groups, and the infection, stone formation, and inflammation were monitored at various time points. Results The characterisation results showed that the hydrophilicity and stability of the EEP surface improved. In vitro tests revealed that the EEP coating was biocompatible, could eliminate >90% of bacteria biofilms attached to the stent and could maintain bacteriostatic properties for up to 3 months. The in vivo experiment revealed that the EEP‐coating significantly reduced the amount of bacteria, stones, and salt deposits on the surface of the ureteric stents and decreased inflammation in the host tissue. Conclusions Compared with clinically used PU stents, EEP‐coated ureteric stents could better mitigate infections and prevent encrustation. Thus, this study demonstrated that propolis is a promising natural dressing material for ureteric stents.