Polyionic liquids supramolecular hydrogel with anti-swelling properties for underwater sensing

The preparation of hydrogel-based wearable sensors for underwater application with high mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is an urgent challenge. Here, a supramolecular hydrogel based on polyionic liquids was designed and prepared for underwater sensing. The introduction of functional ionic liquid structures effectively increased the supramolecular interaction in the hydrogel network, which made the hydrogel successfully resist the interference of external water molecules. Depending on the effect of charge and hydrophobic interactions, this supramolecular hydrogel sensor exhibited high tensile (759 %), high tensile strength (0.23 MPa), high sensitivity (GF = 10.76) and extensive antibacterial properties, even in seawater environment. The obtained hydrogel sensor successfully monitored the swimming posture, which was helpful to digitally reflect the limb movement of athletes during underwater sports. This work made progress in the field of underwater wearable sensors based on hydrogels, and this design of multifunctional hydrogel provided a new idea for the development of functional sensors.