Vehicle-to-Grid Optimization Considering Battery Aging

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a substantial role in reducing greenhouse gas emission and support a sustainable future. However, the increase of EV may lead to rising electricity demand and fluctuation. In this paper, the EV is proposed as a means to support the electricity grid via the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. To reduce energy demand peaks, charging is planned during off-peak hours. Additionally, the EV battery may be used as a buffer to store energy during off-peak hours, and to supply energy to the grid during peak hours. Furthermore, grid frequency may be regulated by controlling the charging power. Since battery utilization will be increased during V2G operations, battery degradation is included in this study. A case study of Swedish households shows that the V2G is not only contributing to the stability of the grid, but may also help reducing the operating cost of an EV owner, even when battery degradation is considered.