Neuroprotective Roles of Vitamin D: Bridging the Gap Between Mechanisms and Clinical Applications in Cognitive Decline

Cognitive function is critical for overall health, with vitamin D’s impact under extensive investigation. This review explores the association between vitamin D and cognitive health, its neuroprotective mechanisms, and the therapeutic potential of supplementation in cognitive decline. Observational studies link low vitamin D levels to increased cognitive deterioration risk, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. Clinical trial results on vitamin D supplementation’s cognitive benefits are inconclusive. Vitamin D’s neuroprotective effects are complex, influencing cognitive abilities by interacting with neuronal and glial cells, modulating immune responses, and regulating key molecular pathways. Challenges remain in clinical applications, including determining optimal vitamin D levels, effective supplementation forms and doses, and identifying responsive populations. The review advocates for robust clinical trials to address these gaps, facilitating informed use of vitamin D in cognitive health. Future research should focus on the optimal timing, duration, and target groups for supplementation to enhance cognitive outcomes and reduce risks.