High‐Capacity Full‐Parameter Optical Multiplexing with Metasurfaces

Abstract Optical multiplexing is a key technique that enhances the capacity of optical systems by independently modulating various optical parameters to carry distinct information. Among these parameters, wavelength, polarization, and incidence/observation angle are the primary ones used for multiplexing in plane waves with uniform cross‐sectional distribution. Metasurfaces have recently emerged as a powerful platform for optical multiplexing, however, they are typically restricted to partial parameter multiplexing and exhibit a low number of multiplexing channels. In this work, the full‐parameter multiplexing of polarization, wavelength, and observation angle is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, achieving a high capacity with hundreds of distinct multiplexing channels. The design employs a gradient‐based optimization algorithm to achieve high‐efficiency and independent functionalities with minimal cross‐talk among channels. This approach represents a significant advancement in metasurface design and optical multiplexing, with potential applications in complex and dynamic optical systems.