Breakthroughs and bottlenecks of psoriasis therapy: Emerging trends and advances in lipid based nano-drug delivery platforms for dermal and transdermal drug delivery

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease characterised by abnormal epidermal keratinocytes, hyperproliferation, and inflammatory infiltration. The main challenges that make treating psoriasis difficult are the complex aetiology, frequency of administration, and multiple side effects of traditional therapeutics. Clinicians often face difficulties while treating serious wounds caused by psoriasis. The therapeutic advantages of existing molecules can be maximised by administering them at the correct place for an extended period. Over the past two to three decades, there has been an increase in the availability of lipid-based nanocarriers for cosmetic and skin-care applications. However, there is still significant room for the development of additional lipid-based nanocarriers that are both highly biocompatible and capable of stimulating skin regeneration processes. This review discusses the contemporary trends and latest progress in research on various lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems employed for the effective management of psoriasis. Here, we first recapitulated skin structure and its function. Second, we discussed an overview of pathophysiology of psoriasis and challenges of existing therapies in psoriasis treatment. We outlined skin delivery through various lipid-based nano-drug delivery systems like liposomes, transferosomes, niosomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, phytosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, cerosomes, glyceroethosomes, and spanlastics for the effective management of psoriasis. Finally, we outlined in vitro assays and models for anti-psoriatic activity assessment. It will assist clinicians and formulation scientists in treating skin diseases, particularly psoriasis.