A gradient-structured all-cellulose biofoam enabled by solvent-induced molecular assembly for sustainable insulation modules

. Additionally, it supports diverse shaping processes including casting, molding, and continuous manufacturing. Due to its molecular-level reversible design, all-cellulose foam is both recyclable and biodegradable, offering a potential substitute for conventional petrochemical foams in numerous building and industrial applications. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment reveals that all-cellulose foam significantly reduces carbon emissions, affirming its environmental benefits and positioning it as a promising, eco-friendly alternative.