Atomically dispersed Ru–Co pairs on hollow carbon as robust catalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction

spectroscopy detects concurrent *OOH and *O-O intermediates, revealing a mechanism where adsorbate evolution coexists with moderated lattice oxygen participation. This cooperative pathway significantly suppresses metal leaching. Consequently, engineering anchored, electronically coupled Ru-Co pairs provides an effective strategy to regulate reaction pathways and overcome activity-stability trade-off in acidic oxygen evolution.