Investigating the therapeutic potential of 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose in Alzheimer’s disease: a scoping review

The gallotannin 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-Galloyl-β-D-Glucose (β-PGG) has recently garnered scientific interest due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder marked by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ), tau and metal ions, may benefit from β-PGG interventions. This review synthesises existing literature to explore the therapeutic potential of β-PGG in AD. Experimental evidence suggests that β-PGG can suppress pro-inflammatory mediator release and inhibit NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, both critical in AD progression. In vitro studies highlight β-PGG's ability to scavenge free radicals, enhance antioxidant enzyme function, and prevent lipid peroxidation, well-known phenomena in AD. Additionally, neuroprotection may be conferred by β-PGG's capacity to reduce metal ion accumulation, inhibit Aβ and tau aggregation, and modulate cholinergic neurotransmission in vitro. In summary, while β-PGG shows promise in targeting AD hallmarks in vitro, further in vivo studies are crucial to validate its therapeutic potential.