Protection of infant mice against pertussis, tuberculosis and influenza by co-administration of nasal pertussis vaccine candidate BPZE1 and BCG

are not affected by BPZE1. Both vaccines induce off-target protection against heterologous infections. In this study, we showed that BPZE1 and BCG alone or in combination induced high levels of protection against influenza challenge in infant mice. In contrast to BCG, the off-target properties of BPZE1 were independent of the age of vaccination. Vaccination with BPZE1 might be considered at the same time as BCG, facilitating its effective implementation in the childhood immunization schedule.