Three‐Dimensional Printing Applications for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

ABSTRACT 3D printing technology has shown significant promise in bone tissue engineering, enabling the fabrication of intricate structures while controlling porosity and mechanical properties. Integrating 3D printing into bone tissue fabrication provides a vital benefit by allowing implants to precisely match an individual's anatomy, improving outcomes and reducing the risk of rejection. Additionally, this approach supports the inclusion of bioactive substances and growth factors to enhance bone regeneration. This study examines the most recent advances in 3D printing for bone tissue production, stressing their potential in regenerative medicine and personalized healthcare. It also addresses challenges associated with current 3D printing processes in bone tissue engineering and explores possible avenues for future research and development. Furthermore, the article investigates how the biocompatibility and bioactivity of materials used in 3D printing facilitate effective bone regeneration. Likewise, it evaluates how scaffold design and architecture can promote cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, thereby encouraging successful bone tissue restoration. In conclusion, this thorough assessment offers critical insights into the progress and obstacles in 3D printing for bone tissue engineering and proposes directions for future inquiry in this exciting field. By leveraging these advancements, clinicians and researchers can pioneer new therapies that address bone defects and improve outcomes.