Advances in Flame Retardant Technologies for Epoxy Resins: Chemical Grafting onto Carbon Fiber Techniques, Reactive Agents, and Applications in Composite Materials

This review examines recent advancements in flame retardant technologies for epoxy and bio-epoxy resins, focusing on the chemical grafting of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) onto carbon fibers (CFs) and the use of reactive flame retardant agents in composite materials. It covers various grafting techniques and analyzes mechanisms behind property enhancements, exploring how these approaches improve thermal stability and flame resistance while addressing sustainability challenges. This review discusses the synergistic effects of bio-based materials and innovative grafting methods. It presents applications of flame-retardant epoxy-carbon fiber composites, demonstrating the potential of HCCP-CF composites as high-performance, environmentally friendly structural materials. Additionally, this review evaluates the impact on mechanical properties and interfacial bonding, crucial aspects often affected by flame retardant treatments. This comprehensive overview provides valuable insights, identifying current challenges, future directions, and potential breakthroughs in the field of advanced composite materials.