Selective Biomass Valorization in Neutral Electrolyte by Lowering the O 2 Activation Energy via Tandem Catalysis

Conventional aerobic oxidation of biomass 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) encounters challenges due to the harsh conditions stemming from low solubility and high activation energy of O 2, which hinder the efficient production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Here, we propose a tandem catalytic system that lowers the activation energy for O 2 to enable efficient and selective HMF oxidation to produce FDCA or 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFCA) under mild conditions. To overcome the high activation energy of O 2 in the thermocatalytic processes, an electrochemical O 2 activation process was employed to efficiently produce H 2 O 2 as an oxidant to valorize HMF into either FDCA or FFCA. This tandem catalytic system achieved a cumulative FDCA yield of 2.21 mol g Ru –1, full HMF conversion (100%), and complete product selectivity (100%), with an average productivity of 13.19 mmol g Ru –1 h –1 over an extended 170 h operation period. The FDCA productivity in this work exceeds that in most aerobic oxidations under mild conditions. Further investigation into the detailed reaction process demonstrated that OH from H 2 O dissociation directly interacted with the aldehyde group in HMF to form a carboxylic acid group, while H 2 O 2 serves as an oxidant to extract electrons from HMF or reaction intermediates. Furthermore, the efficient oxidation of structurally diverse substrates from EtOH to glycerol demonstrates the broad applicability of this tandem catalytic system.