Field‐realistic exposure to pesticide residues in beehive pollen and honey and the associated risk to honeybees

A higher number of pesticides was detected in the spring samples (24 pesticides) than in the autumn samples (seven pesticides), implying that the bees encounter greater challenges in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. The residual levels of these pesticides posed acceptable exposure risk levels to the bees. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.