Multi-omics analysis unveils the predictive value of IGF2BP3/SPHK1 signaling in cancer stem cells for prognosis and immunotherapeutic response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a life-threatening malignant tumor characterized by high metastasis rates, poor prognosis, and limited treatment options. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 represent an emerging treatment for MIBC immunotherapy. However, the characteristics of patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy remain unclear.