Exploring an economic and highly efficient genetic transformation and genome‐editing system for radish through developmental regulators and visible reporter

SUMMARY Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) is one of the most important root vegetable crops worldwide. However, gene function exploration and germplasm innovation still face tremendous challenges due to its extremely low transformation efficiency. Here, an economic and highly efficient genetic transformation method for radish was explored by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ‐mediated transformation with the help of combining special developmental regulator (DR) genes and the visual identification reporter. Firstly, the RUBY gene, a betalain biosynthesis system, could result in a visual red‐violet color used as a convenient and effective reporter for monitoring transgenic hairy roots screening of radish. However, the hairy roots‐to‐shoots conversion system of radish still stands as a barrier to the obtainment of whole transgenic plants, although different hormone combinations and various culture conditions were tried. Following, two DR genes including Wuschel2 ( Wus2 ) and isopentenyl transferase ( ipt ), as well as their combination Wus2 ‐ ipt were introduced for the shoot regeneration capacity improvement. The results showed that the transgenic shoots could be directly generated without externally supplying any hormones in the presence of a Wus2 ‐ ipt combination. Then, Wus2 ‐ ipt along with the RUBY reporter was employed to establish an efficient genetic transformation system of radish. Moreover, this system was applied in generating gene‐edited radish plants and the phytoene desaturase ( RsPDS ) gene was effectively knockout through albino phenotype observation and sequencing analysis. These findings have the potential to be widely applied in genetic transformation and genome‐editing genetic improvement of other vegetable species.