Li–CO2 and Na–CO2 Batteries: Toward Greener and Sustainable Electrical Energy Storage

Abstract Metal–CO 2 batteries, especially Li–CO 2 and Na–CO 2 batteries, offer a novel and attractive strategy for CO 2 capture as well as energy conversion and storage with high specific energy densities. However, some scientific issues and challenges existing restrict their practical applications. Here, recent progress of crucial reaction mechanisms on cathodes in Li–CO 2 and Na–CO 2 batteries are summarized. The detailed reaction pathways can be modified by operation conditions, electrolyte compositions, and catalysts. Besides, specific discussions from aspects of catalyst design, stability of electrolytes, and anode protection are presented. Perspectives of several innovative directions are also put forward. This review provides an intensive understanding of Li–CO 2 and Na–CO 2 batteries and gives a useful guideline for the practical development of metal–CO 2 batteries and even metal–air batteries.