Dual-Cross-Linking Alginate-Based Hydrogels with Borate Ester for Antioxidant Therapy of Diabetes Ulcer Wounds

-injured L929 cells and restores their viability. In diabetic mice, full-thickness wounds closed to 8.5% of original area within 12 days (vs 39% blank, 16.7% control). Histology revealed dense, well-aligned collagen, the highest Masson-positive area, and significantly lower TNF-α/IL-6 together with elevated TGF-β, CD31, VEGF, and β-FGF, confirming potent wound healing efficacy. The hydrogels feature a simple preparation method, good biocompatibility, and effective promotion of chronic wound healing, highlighting their high potential for clinical translation. It also provides insights into the treatment of other ROS-related diseases.