Inorganic nanoparticle-bacteria interaction systems: mechanistic, functional and agricultural applications

Abstract Background Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are capable of interacting with bacteria. Due to this interaction, the cell exterior and interior of bacteria maybe altered. As a result, bacterial growth inhibition might occur due to the antimicrobial properties exerted by inorganic nanoparticles. Inorganic nanomaterials with antimicrobial activity have been discussed within the literature under the food, pharmaceutical, biomedicine and agriculture sectors. Currently, nanoparticle-mediated control of plant bacterial pathogens is advancing in agriculture. Aim This review aims to highlight the potential of bacteria-inorganic nanoparticle systems in agriculture and how they may yield agricultural benefits beyond antimicrobial activity. Methods We analysed literature published between 2020 and 2024 on how bacteria-inorganic nano systems can be exploited in agriculture (i) as nano-biofertilisers, (ii) as biocontrol agents, (iii) for irrigation water purification and (iv) for the detection of pathogens to promote crop health, improve plant growth and yield, and enhance soil quality. Results Evidence indicates that integration between bacteria and inorganic nanoparticles can lead to inhibitory or synergistic interactions depending on the physicochemical properties of nanopartciles, nanopartcile concentration and physiology of bacteria. Mechanistic insights into nanoparticle-induced cellular changes that drive both growth inhibition and growth-promotion of bacteria are identified. These interactions have been successfully applied in the above four agricultural applications. Areas in particular need of further research are reviewed. Potential toxicity concerns towards non-target organisms and risk of bioaccumulation are addressed. Conclusion Bacteria-nanoparticle integration offers promising opportunities for sustainable agriculture. Further research is required to support fi eld-scale validation, industrial and economic feasibility and establish a well-defined regulatory framework.