Catalytic valorization of polyolefins: from catalysts and processes to reactors

OH), and external-field-assisted transformations (plasma, microwave, and Joule heating), are analyzed in terms of their roles in enhancing catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. Furthermore, recent developments in batch, fixed-bed, and fluidized-bed reactors are reviewed, highlighting the influence of heat and mass transfer, continuous operation, and scalability on overall process performance. Finally, we conclude by outlining critical gaps that currently hinder translation from lab studies to real-world waste streams and by proposing opportunities to accelerate catalyst and process development.