Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and in vitro and in vivo approaches to study their mechanisms of action and the protective properties of natural compounds

To overcome these challenges and improve human relevance, new approach methodologies (NAMs), including human stem-cell-derived systems, organoids, organ-on-chip platforms, and in silico tools such as physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling, represent promising strategies. Integrated into a NAM-based framework, these tools can enable quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) and help identify effective and safe human-relevant doses for nutritional or therapeutic interventions.