Water Treatment

This chapter covers the use of nanofiltration for water treatment with focus on production of drinking water. Nanofiltration may be used for removal of dissolved inorganic components such as sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, and metals as well as organic components such as natural organic matter (NOM), algal toxins, and organic micropollutants. Nanofiltration may also be used for water softening. Typical water treatment plant designs are presented emphasizing on membrane configurations, membrane materials, plant operation, and monitoring and pre- and post-treatment alternatives. The practical use of nanofiltration is further demonstrated in five different case studies.