Application of three‐dimensional printing individualized titanium mesh in alveolar bone defects with different Terheyden classifications: A retrospective case series study

To present the results of guided bone regeneration (GBR) with three-dimensional printing individualized titanium mesh (3D-PITM) applied to alveolar bone defects with different Terheyden classifications and the factors affecting the osteogenic outcome.Fifty-nine patients, presenting with 61 defect sites, were enrolled between 2018 and 2021. GBR+3D-PITM was obtained with simultaneous or second stage implant placement. The complication rate, the success rate of the bone grafting procedure and the survival rate of the implant were documented. Bone gain, thickness of pseudo-periosteum and peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured through digital methods by imaging data (CBCT and X-ray).Out of 61 sites, 20 were exposed (exposure rate: 32.8%). The width, height, and volume bone gain at P3 (mesh removal) were 5.22 ± 3.19 mm, 5.01 ± 2.83 mm, and 588.91 ± 361.23 mm3 , respectively. From P2 (3D-PITM+GBR) to P3 , changes in bone gain were not statistically different in the different Terheyden classifications, the occurrence of exposure (p < .001 for all dimensions) and the different type of pseudo-periosteum (p = .030 for width and p = .002 for height) were significantly correlated with the reduction of bone gain. Terheyden classification of the defect sites was significantly associated with the occurrence of exposure (p = .014) and types of the pseudo-periosteum (p = .015).The 3D-PITM can be used in alveolar bone defects with different Terheyden classification, but cases with severe vertical bone defects have a greater chance of the 3D-PITM exposure and the exposure can affect the outcome of bone augmentation.