Association between time-of-day for eating, exercise, and sleep with blood pressure in adults with elevated blood pressure or hypertension: a systematic review

The purpose of this review is to synthesize results from studies examining the association between time-of-day for eating, exercise, and sleep with blood pressure (BP) in adults with elevated BP or hypertension. Six databases were searched for relevant publications from which 789 were identified. Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Four studies examined time-of-day for eating, five examined time-of-day for exercise, and one examined time-of-day for sleep and their associations with BP. Results suggested that later time-of-day for eating ( n = 2/4) and later sleep mid-point ( n = 1/1) were significantly related to higher BP in multivariable models, whereas morning ( n = 3/5) and evening ( n = 4/5) exercise were associated with significantly lower BP. Although this small body of work is limited by a lack of prospective, randomized controlled study designs and underutilization of 24 h ambulatory BP assessment, these results provide preliminary, hypothesis-generating support for the independent role of time-of-day for eating, exercise, and sleep with lower BP.