Biochar-Based Fertilizers: Advancements, Applications, and Future Directions in Sustainable Agriculture—A Review

Amid escalating global demands for both enhanced agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability, biochar-based fertilizers have emerged as a promising solution in modern agriculture. These fertilizers, made from biochar derived from agricultural residues, have shown considerable potential in improving soil quality, enhancing nutrient release dynamics, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This review systematically examines the production technologies, application strategies, and potential environmental and agronomic benefits of biochar-based fertilizers. Studies highlight their ability to improve soil structure, increase soil organic matter, and boost nutrient utilization efficiency, which contribute to higher crop yields and better crop quality. Moreover, biochar-based fertilizers have demonstrated notable environmental advantages, such as reducing the emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), while promoting sustainable resource recycling. However, challenges such as production costs, variability in efficacy across different soil types, and the need for further optimization in formulation and application remain. Future research should focus on improving production efficiency, optimizing biochar-based fertilizer formulations, and conducting long-term field trials to validate their ecological and agronomic performance. This review provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, offering a comprehensive theoretical framework for the integration of biochar-based fertilizers into sustainable agricultural practices.