A review of Znln 2 S 4 ‐based photocatalysts for producing hydrogen by water splitting under visible light: Fundamentals and recent advancements

Abstract Hydrogen (H 2 ) is a clean energy carrier widely used in oil refineries, fertilizers, chemicals, and steel manufacturing. Presently, the majority of H 2 is produced from either steam methane reforming of natural gas or coal gasification; however, these technologies result in a massive amount of CO 2 emission. Alternatively, the use of photocatalysts for producing H 2 via water splitting is an eco‐friendly and sustainable approach, among which the selection of highly efficient, stable, and cheap photocatalysts is the key. In this review, Znln 2 S 4 ‐based photocatalysts are thoroughly described in terms of the fundamentals and thermodynamics of water splitting, fabrication methods, and different heterostructure photocatalytic systems. After this, recent developments in the large‐scale implementation of photocatalytic reactors are discussed. Finally, a summary of future research directions and major conclusions is provided. With proper modification, such as heterojunction systems and the selection of proper fabrication methods, Znln 2 S 4 ‐based photocatalysts could be superior materials for water splitting. In short, this review article could offer meaningful and useful insights and guidance for the development of Znln 2 S 4 ‐based photocatalysts in water splitting for producing H 2 under visible light.