MXenes for wearable pressure sensing: Progress and prospects in human motion detection

This review explores the emerging field of MXene-based pressure sensors for human motion detection. MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, offer exceptional electrical and mechanical properties ideal for wearable sensing applications. We examine the fundamental properties of MXenes, various sensing mechanisms, and innovative device architectures that have been developed. Through careful materials engineering and structural design, MXene-based pressure sensors have achieved remarkable performance metrics, including sensitivities up to 860 kPa⁻¹, ultra-low detection limits of 0.5 Pa, and rapid response times in the range of 15–40 ms. These sensors have demonstrated excellent durability, maintaining stable performance over 10,000 + loading cycles, and exhibit working ranges spanning from subtle touch pressures (∼0.5 Pa) to high pressures exceeding 200 kPa. The review covers a spectrum of applications, from large-scale body movements to subtle physiological signals, highlighting the versatility of MXene-based sensors. Recent advancements in fabrication techniques and integration methods are presented, showcasing the potential for scalable production. While significant progress has been made, challenges such as long-term stability and biocompatibility are addressed. The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential innovations that could further enhance the capabilities of MXene-based pressure sensors in human motion detection, paving the way for advanced healthcare monitoring and human-machine interface technologies.