Normalized Spatial Autocorrelation in Ultrasound B-Mode Imaging for Point-Scatterer Detection

Objective Point-scatterer detection plays a key role in medical ultrasound B-mode imaging. Speckle noise and insufficient spatial resolution are important factors affecting point-scatterer detection. To address this issue, normalized spatial autocorrelation in ultrasound B-mode imaging (NSACB) is proposed. Methods First, the acquired data are pre-processed by adding Gaussian white noise (GWN) with a certain signal-to-Gaussian white noise ratio (SGWNR). Next, normalized spatial autocorrelation is applied to the pre-processed data, and the data are divided into several new signals with different spatial lags. Then, the new signals are performed unsigned delay multiply and sum. Finally, the NSACB beamformed data are bandpass filtered by extracting the frequency component around twice the center frequency. Simulated and in vitro experiments were designed for validation. Results Simulations revealed that the lateral resolution of NSACB measured by the –6-dB mainlobe width can reach as high as 11.11% of delay and sum (DAS), 25.01% of filtered delay multiply and sum (F-DMAS) and 50% of LAG-FDMAS-SCF. The sidelobe level of the NSACB can be reduced at most by 28 dB. Experimental results of simple and complex scatterer phantoms indicate the image resolution of the proposed NSACB can even reach up to 18.76% of DAS, 27.28% of F-DMAS and 14.29% of LAG-FDMAS-SCF. Compared with these methods, the proposed NSACB can reduce the sidelobe level at least by 18 dB. Conclusion Although the proposed method causes loss of the ability to observe hypo-echoic structures, these results suggest future work to determine the ability to detect breast microcalcifications, kidney stones, biopsy needle tracking and other scenarios requiring scatterer detection. Point-scatterer detection plays a key role in medical ultrasound B-mode imaging. Speckle noise and insufficient spatial resolution are important factors affecting point-scatterer detection. To address this issue, normalized spatial autocorrelation in ultrasound B-mode imaging (NSACB) is proposed. First, the acquired data are pre-processed by adding Gaussian white noise (GWN) with a certain signal-to-Gaussian white noise ratio (SGWNR). Next, normalized spatial autocorrelation is applied to the pre-processed data, and the data are divided into several new signals with different spatial lags. Then, the new signals are performed unsigned delay multiply and sum. Finally, the NSACB beamformed data are bandpass filtered by extracting the frequency component around twice the center frequency. Simulated and in vitro experiments were designed for validation. Simulations revealed that the lateral resolution of NSACB measured by the –6-dB mainlobe width can reach as high as 11.11% of delay and sum (DAS), 25.01% of filtered delay multiply and sum (F-DMAS) and 50% of LAG-FDMAS-SCF. The sidelobe level of the NSACB can be reduced at most by 28 dB. Experimental results of simple and complex scatterer phantoms indicate the image resolution of the proposed NSACB can even reach up to 18.76% of DAS, 27.28% of F-DMAS and 14.29% of LAG-FDMAS-SCF. Compared with these methods, the proposed NSACB can reduce the sidelobe level at least by 18 dB. Although the proposed method causes loss of the ability to observe hypo-echoic structures, these results suggest future work to determine the ability to detect breast microcalcifications, kidney stones, biopsy needle tracking and other scenarios requiring scatterer detection.