Temporomandibular joint disc responses to installation and removal of the experimental malocclusion

Abstract Background Aberrant occlusion and aging are two main risks for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) degeneration. Objective To assess the combined impact of occlusion and age on TMJ disc. Methods To avoid the confounding impact of gender, presently, 126 female C57BL/6J mice, 63 youngsters, 6‐week old and 63 adults, 28‐week old, were used. An experimental bilateral anterior crossbite (BAC) relation was created by installing metal tubes onto the mandibular incisors. Mice were sacrificed at 3, 7 and 11 weeks ( n = 9). Additionally, the installed tubes were removed at 7 weeks in removal groups and the TMJs were sampled after another 4 weeks ( n = 9). Disc changes were detected by histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot assays. Results Disc deformation was obvious in BAC groups. The typical change was hyperplasia at the posterior region of the disc where there was significant infiltration of inflammatory cells. Expressions of the inflammatory markers, including tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β, and the catabolic markers, including fibronectin (FN), FN N‐terminal fragments, and vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, were all increased. The changes were more obvious in adults than in youngsters. Removal of BAC attenuated inflammatory and catabolic changes in the youngsters, but the inflammatory markers recovered little in the adults. Conclusion TMJ disc responds to BAC by degeneration and inflammation, and respond to BAC removal by rehabilitation. Adult discs show severer degeneration responses to BAC and a lower level of anti‐inflammatory capability to BAC removal than the youngster's discs. Animals cannot be equated with humans. The human disc response to occlusion changes worth further exploration.