Cardiac contractility modulation in HFrEF patients with QRS duration 120-149 ms: reduction in heart failure hospitalizations and improvement in functional outcome

A subset of heart failure (HF) patients qualifies for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, a 30% CRT non-responder rate persists, with patients with narrower QRS durations (i.e., QRSd 120-149 ms) receiving less or inconsistent benefit. CCM may be an important alternative therapy option but has largely been evaluated only in HF patients with QRSd <120 ms.