Prostate cancer cancer‐associated fibroblasts with stable markers post‐androgen deprivation therapy associated with tumor progression and castration resistant prostate cancer

Abstract The specificity and clinical relevance of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in prostate cancer (PCa), as well as the effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on CAFs, remain to be fully elucidated. Using cell lineage diversity and weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA), we pinpointed a unique CAF signature exclusive to PCa. The specificity of this CAF signature was validated through single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq), cell line RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. This signature associates CAFs with tumor progression, elevated Gleason scores, and the emergence of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Using scRNA‐seq on collected samples, we demonstrated that the CAF‐specific signature is not altered by ADT, maintaining its peak signal output. Identifying a PCa‐specific CAF signature and observing signaling changes in CAFs after ADT lay essential groundwork for further PCa studies.