Recent achievements and challenges on nanomaterial based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of colon and lung cancer biomarkers

Cancer is still one of the leading diseases and causes of death in the world. More than 200 types of cancers are currently known. Early diagnosis still is an important integral part of cancer treatment. The detection of cancer biomarkers plays an essential role in clinical diagnosis and early treatment for patients. Lung and colon cancers are the most common disease. Still, they are a major cause of cancer-related deaths globally due to their difficult diagnosis in early stages resulting in late treatment. Colon cancer tumors frequently metastasize to the lung. However, identifying biomarkers such as secretory proteins is an attractive way to monitor the lung and colon cancer progression in patients at earlier stages. Nowadays, many efforts have been invested in biomarker discovery that can provide a sensitive and low-cost sensor technology using nanomaterials for non-invasive disease detection. Numerous attractive biomarker candidates such as DNA, RNA, mRNA, aptamers, metabolomics biomolecules, enzymes, and proteins can be utilized for the early diagnosis of lung and colon cancer. As the detection devices are generally highly sensitive, simple preparation, and rapid response, electrochemical biosensors are increasingly used to detect cancer markers. Many electroanalytical methods are developed for the detection of lung and colon cancer biomarkers. So, in this paper, the recent advances and improvements (2011–2021) in nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of the lung and colon cancer biomarkers are reviewed.