Effect of ultrasound pretreated hydrocolloid batters on quality attributes of fried chicken nuggets during post-fry holding

In this study, batters formulated with different hydrocolloids (i.e., pectin, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, guar gum, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and methylcellulose) were treated with ultrasound as edible coatings for fried chicken nuggets. Quality characteristics (i.e., batter pickup, flow behaviours, thermal properties, moisture loss, color and textural properties) in chicken nuggets coated with ultrasound treated batters were evaluated before and after post frying exposure to heat lamp. Ultrasonication significantly reduced batter pickup, flow behavior and gelatinization enthalpy, revealing its tendency to alter functional properties of batter systems. Rheological evaluation of all batter samples revealed a pseudoplastic (shear thinning) flow characteristic when fitted to power law model, with ultrasonicated (US) samples exhibiting a significantreduction in viscosity over non-ultrasonicated (NUS) samples. Compared to the control NUS, fat content of chicken nuggets coated with US-treated batters decreased by 39.0, 60.9, 62.87, 64.1, 65.7, and 65.0 % for pectin, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, guar gum, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and methylcellulose, respectively. Finally, chicken nuggets coated with US and NUS treated batters exhibited greater cutting force values immediately after frying but declined within the first 10 min of heat lamp exposure and increased subsequently with extended heat lamp holding time. Furthermore, NUS-treated guar gum resulted in chicken nuggets with the most minimal variability in cutting force during post-frying holding, indicating that crispiness was maintained. Overall, application of ultrasound as a batter pretreatment technique can be exploited by the frying food industry as an alternative approach to producing low fat chicken nuggets with appreciable quality attributes.